Global System for Mobile Communications Railway - GSM-R ve EIRENE ve MORANE Projeleri

Giriş

GSM-R yaratılırken EIRENE – MORANE projelerinden de girdi sağlanmıştır. 

IUC

IUC Fransızcası "Union internationale des chemins de fer" İngilizcesi "International Union of Railways" Türkçesi "Uluslararası Demiryolları Birliği"

IUC GSM Tabanlı Bir Sistem Oluşturmaya Karar Veriyor

1993 yılında IUC GSM Tabanlı Bir Sistem Oluşturmaya Karar Veriyor. Açıklaması şöyle

The UIC anticipated the need for a common wireless data frequency band and digital communications standard for border-crossing rail traffic, and so conducted a detailed technical and economical survey of digital technologies and, in 1993, decided to base the new system on GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications). This would ensure that railways could participate in the evolution of the public standard to include their specific needs. In addition, they might benefit from the economy of scale of the existing public market for the cost of their equipment.

Ancak standart GSM'in yetersiz kalacağını düşünüyorlar. Yetersizlikleri tanımlayacakları EIRENE isimli bir çalışma başlatıyorlar. EIRENE (European Integrated Radio Enhanced NEtwork) kısaltmasıdır. Yetersiz olduğunu düşündükleri noktalar şöyle

The decision to choose an open standard had some drawbacks, as not all specific requirements were covered by the GSM. Enhancements for special needs were necessary, which were researched and defined by the UIC’s ‘European Integrated Radio Enhanced Network’ (EIRENE) Project. The GSM system had to be modified to meet several types of features and requirements specific to railways, namely:

- Fast and guaranteed call set-up, (over all on emergency calls – maximum two seconds)

- Enable seamless communication for train speeds of up to 500km/h

- Functional addressing (e.g. a train number or coach number) for setting up a call and for display of calling/called party

- Location dependent functions, e.g. connection to the local ground

- Broadcast and group calls

- Priority and pre-emption mechanisms

- Set-up of urgent or frequent calls through a single keystroke or similar, including emergency call

- Train control European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS)

- Link assurance, an indication that the connection is maintained

- Automatic mobile network management

- Control over system configuration

- Automatic and manual test modes with fault indications

- Increased flexibility of operation through the use of SIM cards

Daha sonra bu EIRENE ve GSM-R sistemini deneyecekleri bir proje daha başlatıyorlar. Bu çalışmanın adı da MORANE. MORANE (MObile radio for RAilway Networks in Europe) kısaltmasıdır. 

The principal purpose of MORANE was to develop the GSM-R system in accordance with the EIRENE specifications and perform validation on three trial sites: SCNF, Deutsche Bahn, Ferrovie dello Stato

Açıklaması şöyle

In 1995, the UIC decided to establish a project to set up tests of the new system. Three railways, SNCF, DB, and Firenze SMN (Italy), set up the consortium ‘Mobile Radio for Railway Networks in Europe’ (MORANE) to conduct the trials. The overall aim of the project was to specify, develop, test, and validate the new GSM-R (GSM for Railways) system.

EIRENE Numbering Plan support

Aynı zamanda Functional Addressing de deniliyor. Alanlar şöyle.

IC International Code (also known as RAC-Railway Access Code, used for routing to the relevant GSM-R-Network)

CT Call Type (Identifies how to interpret the user number that follows)

UIN User Identifier Number. Call Type değerine göre yorumlanır

FC Function Code (used as an identification of f.e the person or equipment on a particular train, or a particular team within a given area)

Şeklen şöyle

Örnek

Example: connect to the train driver of train number 12345678 the following digits have to be entered:

• 2 (Call type, in this case it identifies the following number as a train number)

• 12345678 (UserIdentifierNumber, in this case "train number")

• 01 (Function Code, in this case "lead driver")

Yani çevrilen telefon numarası

2 12345678 01

GSM-R Numbering Plan

EIRENE tanımından gelen Call Type tablosu şöyle

Prefix Usage definition
0         Reserved for access to public or to other GSM-R networks
1         Reserved for short codes
2         Train Function Number
3         Engine Function Number
4         Coach Number
6         Maintenance and shunting team members
7         Train controllers
8         Mobile Subscriber Number
9         Reserved for breakout codes and national use
50       Group calls
51       Broadcast calls
52–55 Reserved for international use
56–57 Reserved for national use
58       Reserved for system use
59       Reserved for system use

0 ile başlayan numaralar Direct Call olduğu için mutlaka bağlanır

2,3,4,6,7,8,9 ile başlayan numaralar için Access Matrix kullanılır

Yani International Function Number şöyle

IC + CT + UIN + FC 

National Function Number şöyle

CT + UIN + FC 

Voice Group Call Ne Demek?

Çok sayıda kullanıcının aynı görüşmeye katılmasına izin verir.  Push To Talk gibi sadece bir tanesi konuşabilir.

Call Type Tipleri

Call Type 1 

Call Type 2

Call Type 3 

Call Type 4

Call Type 5

Call Type 6

var Açıklaması şöyle

• The Call Type (CT) prefix is used to distinguish between the different types of user numbers that are allowed within the national EIRENE numbering plan. It is an indication to the network of how to process the number dialed.

• The User Identifier Number (UIN) is the main identifier of, e.g., a train, a shunting team, etc.

• The Function Code (FC) is used as an identification of, e.g., the person or equipment on a particular train, or a particular team within a given area.

Call Type 1  - Kısaca Short Code

Call Type 1 için şöyle. Kısa yol içindir

Short Codes FC destination

1200  Signalman

1300  Regulator

1400  ECO

1500 ECP Extn (this role is a role which can take complete control of a specific Line                            Section thereby removing operational control from the Signalman)

1600 ECP Basic (this role is a role that shares access  to the radio network over a                                specific Line Section

1700 Signalman

1800 Network Loading

1900  Instruction

Call Type 2

Call Type 2 için şöyle. Tren içinde aramalar için kullanılıyor. Sanırım Call Type 2 için Function Code aslında "variable length" olabiliyor. Emin değilim.

Function Codes FC designation

01          Driver 1 (to be used for the Cab Radio)

02          Driver 2

07          Intercom

08          PA

10          Conductor

20          Catering

30          Security

99          Instruction

Call Type 3 

Call Type 3 için şöyle. Call Type 2 ile kesişen alanları var.

Function Codes FC designation

01          Driver 1

02          Driver 2

07          Intercom

08          PA

50          Train-borne recorder

Örnek

3 01011201 10 için Call Type = 3, User Identifier Number 01011201, Function Code = 10

Call Type 4 

Call Type 4 için şöyle. C

Function Codes FC designation

52          Train data bus

60          Pre-recorded passenger info

61          Displayed Passenger Info. Unit

Call Type 6

Call Type 6 "Shunting Team" içinde kullanılıyor. Calling Party şeklen şöyle

Mesela

6 85123 5 131

Call Type 6'dan önce başka rakamlar da olabilir. Eğer şeklen şöyle olursa

CgPa = <CC><NDC><GCRNumber><CT6 Number>

CdPa= <CallTypeAutomaticConference><Location Number starting with CT6ToVGSREFPrefixes><Function Code without team member function digit>

Calling Party= 41 512 940 6 85123 5 131

Called Party = 50 85 123501

Bazı Özellikler

1. Calling Line Identification Özelliği- CLIP

Beni arayan numarayı normalde SIM kartına ait telefon numarası ile görürüm. Eğer CLIP özelliği varsa telefon numarası yerine, arayan kişinin Functional Number numarasını görürüm.

2. Location Dependent Addressing Özelliği 

Açıklaması şöyle. Örneği "controller" aranmak istediğinde kullanılır

Location dependent addressing (LDA) is an effective and efficient addressing method in GSM-R (GSM for railways), which needs information on the location of the mobile station in order to forward the call to the correct called party.

Şeklen şöyle. Bir short code tuşlanır. 1200 gibi. 1 Call Type Short Code olduğunu belirtir. 200 ise Short Code numarasıdır

3. Access Matrix Özelliği

Şeklen şöyle.

4. Functional Number With Variable Length

Açıklama yaz

5. Follow me

Açıklama yaz

6. Delayed Deregistration

Açıklama yaz

7. Enhanced Railway Emergency Group Call

Kısaca eREC. Açıklayıcı bir video burada. Acil bir durumda kontrolör bir alan içindeki tüm trenleri arayıp, tam duruşa geçmelerini isteyebilir.

Global System for Mobile Communications Railway - GSM-R

Giriş

Önce bazı kısaltmaları bilmek lazım

ERTMS vs ETSI

Açıklaması şöyle. Yani ERTMS yeni sistem, ETSI ise eski sistem

ERTMS, the European Rail Traffic Management System, is the new rail management system which combines the European Train Control System (ETCS) with GSM-R. As a unique European train control system, ERTMS is designed to gradually replace the existing incompatible systems throughout Europe.

GSM-R

GSM-R demiryollarında kullanılan GSM tabanlı iletişim altyapısıdır. Açıklaması şöyle. 

GSM-R is the data communication bearer for the European Train Control System (ETCS), in particular for ETCS Level 2 and Level 3. GSM-R is fully defined in ETSI standards.

Avrupa demiryollarında kullanılır. Açıklaması şöyle. 

From the year 2000 onwards, GSM-R has been introduced all over Europe as a common standard for railway operations essential to interoperability, as well as in many other parts of the world. Expansion of the GSM-R implementation is still ongoing.

Tarihçesine dair bir açıklama şöyle. 1994 yılında standart kabul edilmiş

In 1994, ETSI GSM standard was selected by UIC as the bearer for first Digital Railway Radio Communication System. Needs of railways were captured in dedicated specifications named EIRENE, including both functional and system aspects. These specifications were reinforced as GSM-R within ETSI/3GPP international standards.

The first operational implementation of GSM-R targeting the setup of this new technology was launched in 1999, and the first countrywide GSM-R operation started in 2004. In parallel, the EU Directives officially adopted the GSM-R as the basis for mobile communication between train and track for voice (train radio) and control-command and signaling data (ETCS), with the aim to form a worldwide standard, the European Rail Traffic Management System, the now well-known ERTMS.

GSM-R, European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) standardının bir parçası. Şeklen şöyle

Yani en kısa haliyle GSM-R bir kullanıcının MSISDN numarasını yani telefon numarasını bilmeye gerek kalmadan örneğin X numaralı trendeki "lead driver" aranabilir. 

Bir yazılım Functional Number'ı MSISDN numarasına çeviriyor. 

EIRENE ve MORANE Projeleri

GSM-R ve EIRENE ve MORANE Projeleri yazısına taşıdım

Şeklen şöyle

Value Added Services

EIRENE projesindeki tanımlar dışında ilave özellikler de istenebiliyor ve tanımlanıyor. Açıklaması şöyle

An Intelligent Network (IN) can be added to provide functions defined in EIRENE and enhance non-standardised functions, such as:

- FFN (Follow Me Functional Node)

- Location-dependent addressing
- Additional administration and authorisation functions such as the Access Matrix

- Functional addressing for SMS

- Group communication support

- Functional numbers with variable length

- Support of dedicated location processing systems

Neden GSM Tabanlı

GSM kullanmasının sebebi hazır ticari ürünlerin en az değişiklikle kullanılması gayesidir.

GSM Eski Değil mi ?

Evet eski. Açıklaması şöyle. Yani ihtiyacı karşılasa bile, GSM teknolojisi artık ortadan kalkmaya başladığı için GSM-R'nin yerine başka bir şey gelmesi gerekecek.

A successor to GSM-R is required primarily due to the expected obsolescence of GSM-R. GSM-R builds on existing GSM mobile standards, using the frequency bands 876-880 MHz

(uplink) and 921-925 MHz (downlink) that are harmonised within CEPT for the operational communication of railway companies (GSM-R) in accordance with current mobile

technology. GSM is a second generation mobile technology, but the industry is already moving to LTE3 (arguably a fourth generation [4G] technology) and is expected to evolve to fifth generation (5G) technology after 2020. The ability of the rail industry to continue to support GSM-R beyond roughly 2030 is doubtful. Given the long procurement cycles in the rail sector, planning for a successor needs to begin now.

Bir başka açıklama şöyle

GSM-R is facing a number of challenges:

- The system life-cycle is coming to an end, with vendor support uncertain beyond 2030

- Extra capacity is required in some areas to support railway operations

- The rollout of European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) has increased the strain on the GSM-R network

FRMCS - Future Railway Mobile Communication System

GSM-R yerine FRMC planlanıyor. Çalışmalar 2012 yılında başlamış. Açıklaması şöyle

Nevertheless, on one side the needs of the railways are constantly evolving, and on the other side the telecom standards evolution remains dependent of the telecom industry evolution cycles, with an end of support for GSM-R planned by 2030 onwards.

These considerations led UIC, as soon as 2012, to launch the first studies for a successor to GSM-R, pertinently named Future Rail Mobile Communications System (FRMCS),

UUS1 

Açıklaması şöyle. Sanırım Speech servisi için gerekiyor.

UUS1 is a supplementary service that transmits the User-to-User Information. In the GSM-R system, UUS1 can be used in most of applications, including AC acknowledgement, functional number, OTDI, called subaddress, and call matrix.

Customized Applications for Mobile networks Enhanced Logic (Camel) Architecture

Camel karışık bir standart.

Next Generation Intelligent Networks kitabındaki şekil şöyle

ve şöyle

Service Control Layer - SCL

Üst katmandaki uygulamalara hizmet veren katman. Açıklaması şöyle

In a fixed/mobile converged infrastructure, the call control layer is separated from a service control layer. Call control is well standardized in 3GPP, but there is a considerable amount of freedom in the architecture of the service delivery platforms, which is also reflected in the amount of standards and industry activities to harmonize these approaches.

Mobile Station International Subscriber Directory Number - MSISDN

Açıklaması şöyle

GSM mobil şebekelerinde abonenin tanımlanması ve doğrulanması için operatör tarafından aboneye atanan özel bir numaradır.

IEC - International Escape Code yani 00

CC - Country Code yani ülke kodu. Türkiye için 90

NDC - National Destination Code - Turkcell için 530

SN - Subscriver Number - Telefon numarası

International Mobile Subscriber Identity- IMSI

IMSI, Sim kart numarasıdır

 

International Mobile Equipment Identity - IMEI

IMEI cihaza yani telefona verilen numaradır

Unstructured Supplementary Service Data - USSD

Açıklaması şöyle.  SMS gibi metin tabanlıdır. "*" karakteri ile başlar, "#" ile biter.

Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD), sometimes referred to as "quick codes" or "feature codes", is a communications protocol used by GSM cellular telephones to communicate with the mobile network operator's computers. USSD can be used for WAP browsing, prepaid callback service, mobile-money services, location-based content services, menu-based information services, and as part of configuring the phone on the network.

USSD messages are up to 182 alphanumeric characters long. Unlike short message service (SMS) messages, USSD messages create a real-time connection during a USSD session. The connection remains open, allowing a two-way exchange of a sequence of data. This makes USSD more responsive than services that use SMS.

Bir MSISDN numarasının belli bir role register, deregister olmasıdır gibi işler içindir. 

USSD vs SMS

Her ikisi de SS7 protokolünü kullanır, ancak USSD session kullanır yani çift yönlüdür, SMS ise tek yönlüdür

Signalling System No. 7- SS7

Signalling System No. 7 yazısına taşıdım

Features

Bazı feature'lar şöyle. Şeklen şöyle

Frekans

Dünyadaki durum şeklen şöyle